The Effect Of The Great Depression - 1278 Words

The welfare program contains various items such as universal health care, education assistance, social security, public housing, unemployment, food stamps, cash assistance, and child care assistance. These items are often referred to as â€Å"the system†, or â€Å"entitlement programs.† The welfare program is considered a controversial subject that has been debated many times. Welfare has good and bad aspects to it. The welfare system came about when the stock market crashed in October of 1929. The stock market crashing had a huge effect on the economy. Banks started to fail, businesses closed, and thus millions of people lost their jobs. The effect of the Great Depression was crucial. It was particularly hard on the children. President Franklin†¦show more content†¦This program was designed to help families that had hit rock bottom and needed a little help getting back on their feet. This problem is important to me because our Children’s future have a lot at steak with this. The welfare program is being used more and more. While the money going out from our government to help all these families, our deficit keeps growing larger. So who pays for all the families who are receiving these benefits? The hard-working people, who have jobs, are taxed to provide a portion of the money needed to fund this program. The other portion comes from the government, but our taxes are used to pay back the money that was lent out. Most of our federal spending goes out to dependence programs, actually seventy percent of the total federal spending, either discreetly or indiscreetly. (Mulhlausen Tyrrell) The people who go to work every day are trying to get ahead, but instead they have money removed from their paycheck to give to someone who either can’t work or won’t work. Most people are not people who abuse the system. Welfare benefits outsource the income that most recipients can expect to earn from an entry- level job. The welfare system provides such a high level of benefits that it acts as a disservice for work. Welfare averages pay at around fifteen dollars and hour. That is significantly more

Alcatraz Essay - 903 Words

Alcatraz: United States Penitentiary 1934-1963 As a result of the Great Depression, a new breed of violent criminals swept the streets of America. In response to the cries of alarmed citizens, Congress enacted a number of statutes, which gave the federal government jurisdiction over certain criminal offenses previously held by the states. With the suggestion of former US Attorney General, Homes Cummings, Congress agreed that a special penal institution of maximum security and minimum privilege be established. In 1934, the legendary US Penitentiary of Alcatraz was born and became the home of Americas most wanted for the next thirty years. Once authorized by Congress, the US Department of Justice acquired control of Alcatraz Island,†¦show more content†¦Under Johnston, another ninety officers were required to cover the three eight-hour shifts (plus leave and vacation time). During its thirty years of service, close to 1545 inmates resided at the Alcatraz penitentiary. Contrary to popular belief, Alcatraz was initially meant to confine only a few of the infamous headline-makers of the era. However, out of the total population ever to occupy this prison, the vast majority was not to be found on wanted posters adorning post office walls. The average number of prisoners maintained in the prison (at one time) was 260, with a high count of 302 and a low count of 222 men. Although many stories exist of escapes from Alcatraz, only three men were successful in escaping the prison and the island, Morris and the Anglin brothers (June of 1962). Thirty-six prisoners were involved in attempts to escape: seven shot and killed, 2 drowned, 5 unaccounted for and the rest recaptured. Even though some men have made it off the island, survival still remains questionable. Alcatraz was, of course, home to Al Capone for about four and a half years. He was first transferred from US Penitentiary Atlanta in August of 1934. Capone was also among the first â€Å"official† shipment of criminals to be received at the Rock. Capone’s arrival actually generated bigger headlines than the opening of the institution, giving birth to the endless myth of Alcatraz. ForShow MoreRelatedalcatraz779 Words   |  4 Pages An icon of power and strength, Alcatraz has become the single most recognizable symbol of American society. Situated in the San Francisco Bay, one can’t help but be drawn to the rocky shore, the dark walls, and the lone light tower sanding cold against a picturesque sunset imagining what it would have been like to be incarcerated in one of the world’s most infamous prisons. Discovered in 1775 by the Spanish explorer Juan Miguel de Ayala, La Isla de los Alcatraces was little more than a rockRead MoreInformative Speech Outline on Alcatraz1081 Words   |  5 Pages* Alcatraz Informative Speech Outline General Purpose: To inform the class Specific Purpose: To describe to the audience a brief history of Alcatraz. Thesis: Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and the stories exaggerated in movies and television shows. INTRODUCTION I. If you disobey the rules of society, they send you to prison; if you disobey the rules of the prison, they send you to Alcatraz. II. Alcatraz has been a popular social topicRead MoreInformative Speech on Alcatraz1097 Words   |  5 PagesPurpose: To inform the class Specific Purpose: To describe to the audience a brief history of Alcatraz. Thesis: Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and the stories exaggerated in movies and television shows. INTRODUCTION I. If you disobey the rules of society, they send you to prison; if you disobey the rules of the prison, they send you to Alcatraz. II. Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and the storiesRead MoreAlcatraz Island: A Brief History1608 Words   |  7 Pagesofficers (Mahaney, Erin. History and Facts about Alcatraz. About.com). Closing The Great Depression of the 1930s resulted in the already pricey expenses to run the army barracks to almost double. The current prisoners were departed to other prisons in Kansas and New Jersey. In 1933, the Army deserted the prison.\ Alcatraz would continue as a prison for more than 100 years, but just under a different control†¦ Federal Penitentiary Establishing Alcatraz was obtained by the federal bureau of prisonsRead MoreThe Birdman Of Alcatraz, By Aka Robert Stroud934 Words   |  4 PagesWhile you may have heard of, â€Å"The Birdman of Alcatraz,† aka Robert Stroud, another popular Alcatraz inmate. He was probably the most famous inmate to reside on Alcatraz. In 1909, Stroud brutally murdered a bartender when he failed to pay the girl Stroud was pimping for. He shot the bartender to death and took the wallet for the prostitute. Stroud was convicted of manslaughter and sent to McNeil Island in 1911. At McNeil Island, he was noted to be violent and difficult to manage. Robert StroudRead More The History of Alcatraz Island Essay4099 Words   |  17 PagesThe History of Alcatraz Island Alcatraz Island has quite a distinct history. Many people know that Alcatraz served as a federal prison, but most are reluctant to know that this island served as fort. Built before the Civil War, it served two main purposes. First, that it was to guard the San Francisco bay area from enemy ships against a foreign invasion, and second, to hold hostage prisoners of war or POWs as they were called. In this report, Ill show you how this fortress came to be a federalRead MoreAlcatraz as a Tourist Attraction Essay3109 Words   |  13 Pagestwenty-two acres of solid granite surrounded by a fast moving sea of icy waters. Your name is Al Capone, and youve been sentenced to carry out the last nine years of your eleven-year sentence at the most infamous prison in U.S. History, The Rock. Alcatraz is no longer a federal penitentiary, nor does it house any inmates. Instead, it has become a tourist attraction that allows hundreds of people a day the opportunity to experience what time served may have felt like at The Rock. The island sitsRead MoreThe History of Alcatraz789 Words   |  3 PagesLife on Alcatraz Prison was not as bad as the people described it to be. For the prisoners Living on Alcatraz was similar to life on other American penitentiaries of the era. It wasn’t the brutal hellhole many movies made it look like it was. Each prisoner swept his cell clean, dressed, and then stood ready for head count. Then all marches to the mess hall for break feast before moving on to work out in the docks in the laundry area, or out in any of the other buildings in the island. The food onRead MoreInformative Speech Outline on Alcatraz Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pages* Alcatraz Informative Speech Outline General Purpose: To inform the class Specific Purpose: To describe to the audience a brief history of Alcatraz. Thesis: Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and the stories exaggerated in movies and television shows. INTRODUCTION I. If you disobey the rules of society, they send you to prison; if you disobey the rules of the prison, they send you to Alcatraz. II. Alcatraz has been a popular social topicRead MoreMen Who Were Sent to Alcatraz Essay722 Words   |  3 PagesAlcatraz began in 1850 as a military prison. Later it became a federal prison. Then on the verge of 30 years it was closed. Then for a while Indians used the island. Alcatraz was used to house the criminals who provoked problems at other jails. The island was located off the coast of California. The island has had many uses over a span of 122 years. Alcatraz was first used as a Military prison. They used it as a Military prison from 1850 to 1934. In 1934 it was changed to a federal prison

Leadership order Free Essays

NO. I differ with him since one should not assume a problem while hoping that solutions will be found after sometime. The partnership had grown from having 2 to 27 people in one town and has spread into three separate towns. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership order or any similar topic only for you Order Now The partnership being a law firm has increased the number of attorneys to 18 resulting into increased number of cases being handled by the firm, increased number of employees and increased number of clients. Hiring a General Manager-operations (G.M) was intended to assist in promotion of production in the company. Instead he was sending away clients without accepting the liabilities. Further efforts showed be put into place into retain them as well as bring back those who had already left. These clients have been with the company for a long time and the firm could not afford loose because of a mistake of one individual. This is because the firm was likely to face problems key among them being, loss of jobs for its employees as a result of reduced number of clients. Additionally, the company will not be able to run its day to day business since there will be reduced income. The partners should insist on meeting the clients and ask them to return to their firm since they knew their services. The partners should first deliberate on the issue of retaining the general manager because he was not result oriented. The G.M-operations overstepped is mark and instead of improving the customer relations, expanding the customer base as well as enhancing the relations with the local communities he severed both the customer and client relations. The top management team should move very fast and replace the general manager immediately so as to save the company. Power sharing is a very important aspect of leadership since, the problems facing the junior staff, decision-making and implementation is increased. De-concentration of power also promotes efficiency and effectiveness since the leaders involved will have few responsibilities to shoulder and thus they will perform their duties to the maximum for the advantage of the group. Leadership is not about directing and guiding people to do a particular task but is an issue where a group member influences the rest of the group to accomplish an objective. A leader should direct the organization towards greater cohesiveness and coherence (Schriesheim, Chester A. 221-228, Lewin, K, LIippit, R and White R.K. 271-301). The authority that a leader possesses should be directed to accomplishment of the groups’ goal. Good leadership should be one that makes the followers and the junior staff desire to achieve higher goals rather than to simply ride over the juniors. The manner and approach in which an individual provides direction, implement plans and motivate people normally defines the leadership style his/her leadership style. A General Manager-operations of a fast growing firm should be one not limited to a specific leadership style. He should however be ready to employ all styles depending on the situation. Â  Participatory/democratic leadership style which involves one or more members of the group in making decisions has been found to be very appropriate. This style should have worked very well since the G.M-operation was new in the legal firm as he had come from insurance company where he had worked for long. Instead of spending a lot of time of learning about the organization, its members and books of account he would have instead involved the longest serving employees in decision making. This style would allow members to own the decisions reached upon since the were part of their generation. This leadership style is so pronounced in individuals who are cooperative, dedicated and team players as well as solely motivated to achieve tangible results not for their benefit but that of the larger firm. However, since a formal organization is prone to have employees of different skills, personalities and temperaments, a leader should be well conversant with all leadership styles which include: authoritarian/autocratic, participative/democratic and delegative/free reign and be ready to use any of them alternately depending on the surrounding circumstance Although I have used all the leadership styles very successfully the most pronounced style that I posses is autocratic/authoritarian which I demonstrate without a lot of struggle .With this style I prefer being a leader of newly formed group member of whom giving directions and receiving advice is never a problem. I also prefer leading new team members since I derive a lot of pleasure in showing off my capacities. It also reduces deliberation time and decision making since the members are rarely consulted and decision making is top down. However, I will never prefer leading a group composed of highly skilled and knowledgeable members since they have a potential of critiquing my style. They may require participation in decision-making as well as delegation of duties. Additionally since I desire being recognized as a boss I will rather be a leader for an inexperienced group. References Schriesheim, Chester A. The Great High Consideration – High initiating structure Leadership myth: Evidence on its generalizability. The journal of social Psychology, April 1982, 116, pp 221-228 Mind tools: Leadership styles, using the right one for your situation. Accessed online on Lewin, K, LIippit, R and White R.K. Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally Created social climates. Journals of social psychology 1999, 10, 271-301 How to cite Leadership order, Essay examples

Cannery Row Analysis Essay Example For Students

Cannery Row Analysis Essay Cannery Row is about a neighborhood in Monterey Bay, California, during the aftermath of the depression. The neighborhood is built around a sardine company, but the main characters dont have much dealing with the workers there. The neighborhood consists of a general store owned by Lee Chong; a whore house called Bear Flag Restaurant, owned by Dora; a group of bums that live in the Palace Flophouse; and Docs Laboratory. It narrates their experiences and how they survive during a short course of time. John Steinbeck shows this era of the depression in a positive perspective rather than a negative one like it was frequently perceived. He shows the humor in all situations and veers away from pessimism. Steinbeck showed peoples place in society, how they depended on one another, and the exuberance of a community. He also let the reader see the loneliness of an individual and their acceptance of life. The storys setting had a huge relevance to John Steinbecks life. He grew up in Monterey Bay, California, during the depression. Although the characters in the book are fictional, their personalities are based off of real life people that Steinbeck encountered. The book was written after the depression, so it is more of a realistic approach to the actual life of people in that time. The over all conflict was peoples survival during the depression. It had many minor conflicts as well. One was when Mack and the boys threw a party for Doc and it all went wrong. Another one was the outbreak of the flu. The book had a resolutionsomewhat. It ended when Doc finally got a party and nothing went wrong. The thing is, that Doc ended up throwing the party for himself, so everything ended up like it was before and how it had always been. Doc had helped everyone in the community as usual. It leaves the reader with the impression that things will go on and everyone and everything will be all right. Cannery Row was published in 1945 and has lived on for over 50 years. The themes represented by this book have relevance to todays society and probably will have pertinence to the world in later years. The author, John Steinbeck, won the Nobel Prize for Literature because of this novel. The book was appropriate for its audience and purpose because so many people could relate to it, so Cannery Row truly deserves its classical status.

Opposition to the Legalization of Same Sex Marriage

Introduction The term homosexuality appeared to have been used for the first time in the year 1869. In 1871, Germany government criminalized against such act. By 1947, an Institute for Sex Research was incorporated in Indiana. In the year 1961, a Vatican said that anyone involved with homosexuality was not eligible to take religious vows. Later in 1972, a church in Netherlands argued that gays and lesbians could also serve as pastors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Opposition to the Legalization of Same Sex Marriage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The United Methodist Church in U.S.A. voted against the issue of â€Å"compatibility between the church and homosexuality†. Ever since, there have been a number of advances on the subject of gay affairs. In a good number of States, prejudice of groups based on their sexual orientation has been forbidden. This document aim to argue that validation of homosexuali ty has a harmfully influence on the community ethical fabric or cause discrepancy in relations. Concession Majority of spiritual associations have based their opinions on holy scripts and argued that justification of homosexuality has led to erosion of ethical values within the American people. This moral approach has played enormous position throughout political movements where people values have superseded the aspiration to decriminalize homosexuality particularly in school boards and sacred unions. In their point of view, spiritual groups argue that marriage is sanctified union and therefore holy. They as a result argue that God created man and bespoke him to fill up the world through his union with the female partner and not people of same sexual category (Ayers and Brown 15). Secondly, opponents of homosexuality advice that marriage amid people of identical gender does not hold any logic as it lack rationale and purpose. They emphasize that marriage between man and woman has a primary objective of giving birth. Conversely, marriage between people of the same gender does not have this objective. On top of siring, marriage of similar sexual category can be done for the main intention of material goods allotment and companionship. The anti-homosexuality bodies argue that these can be accomplished without marrying. There are regulations that would contentedly attend to the matters of material goods sharing and heritage (Sherman 14). These urgings nevertheless, have not been able to persuade pro-homosexuality bodies. It is based on this that I personally oppose legalization of marriages of the same sex. Science and homosexuality Initially, they dispute that homosexuality is normal and inherited. Whilst anti-homosexual lobbies dispute that this is a conduct acquired from the setting, science has confirmed that homosexuality is an innate issue (Garber 16).Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper wit h 15% OFF Learn More Le Vay’s 1991 research showed that there are structural distinctions within the mind of homosexual men and their heterosexual complements. According to the research, it was acknowledged that interstitial nuclei located in the anterior hypothalamus of individuals’ brain demonstrated structural diversity in the two categories of men. In homosexuals, the structure was minor in comparison to the heterosexual counterparts. He affirmed that the dimension of this structure had a responsibility to tackle in determining person’s sexual orientation. This implies that homosexuality is not a behavior acquired from the surrounding but an inborn occurrence. It is therefore crucial that such groups are given sovereignty as any other groups with hereditary deformations that lead to body disabilities. This is according to science but still ethically, marriage of the same sex should not be allowed and instead, the concerned parties should be counsele d and guided to avoid such immoral behavior. In brief, policy makers should structure a set of laws that will strongly discourage people engaged or those who have intentions getting involved in such disgusting inhuman behavior and the whole community in general from strongly leaning towards homosexual tendencies. Reversibility of the trait Most people say that homosexuality is an innate and irreversible progression that cannot be downcast by restrictions. This might not hold true considering the fact that in the beginning homosexuality was not there. Mostly, legal prices are imposed on these acts to depress persistent involvement in this act (Kamiat 230). This serves the purpose of dispiriting people from appealing to this act. It is very true that an infant with homosexual genes can be transformed to a normal human being. A biological study suggests that once exposed to new environment old characteristics in human beings extinct with time. On the contrary, some scientists argue aga inst this. Anyway, let us believe these genes do not even exist considering that these characteristics did not portray themselves in the beginning of the world, and so they have been learnt later. Conclusion In brief, it has been argued by conformists and spiritual bodies that homosexuality should not be endorsed. As far as discrimination neglects right to those who have already conformed to homosexuality, we should think of living in holy and sacred society. We should not join hands to support such dirty acts that soil the moral standards that God put in the beginning of this world. Indeed, we should recognize that God teachings weigh more than people’s own decisions and practices that emerged the other day (Borg 36). This will enhance respect and dignity in today’s society. As a result, we shall live in a blessed world and escape wrath of the Lord our Father. Therefore, a man should marry a woman and sire children, and as a result fill the world as God said. Therefor e marriage of the same sex should not be legalized.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Opposition to the Legalization of Same Sex Marriage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Ayers, Tess, and Paul, Brown. The essential guide to gay and lesbian weddings. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1994. Print. Borg, Marcus. Reading the Bible again for the first time: Taking the Bible seriously but not literally. New York: Harper Collins, 2002. Print. Garber, Marjorie. Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety. London: Routledge, 1992. Print. Kamiat, Arnold. â€Å"A Psychology of Asceticism,† Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 23 (1928): 223-231. Sherman, Suzanne. Lesbian and gay marriage: Private commitments, public ceremonies. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992. Print This essay on Opposition to the Legalization of Same Sex Marriage was written and submitted by user Coen Reese to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

WWI, A Buildup Up To WWII †History Essay

WWI, A Buildup Up To WWII – History Essay Free Online Research Papers WWI, A Buildup Up To WWII History Essay The aggressor in both World War One and World War Two in Europe was Germany. The causes of these two wars in several ways are similar; however, it can be seen that there were different reason the wars broke out. During the early 1900’s a use in nationalism in Europe took place. At this time Germany felt it was the natural leader of Europe. The Germans felt that Britain was restricting their power because Britain was supreme on the sea. Britain’s rule of the sea prevented Germany’s gaining colonies abroad. Colonies could supply Germany with resources needed to maintain her army and give Germany the prestige she wanted. Britain, on the other hand, did not want Germany to increase her power through the gaining of colonies. As a result, a strong rivalry developed between these two powerful nations. This rivalry was a long term cause of World War One. Nationalism also became a long term cause of World War Two. Both Germany and Italy were very angry with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Consequently, this treaty create ripe ground for the growth of nationalism in both Italy and Germany. Nationalism appeared in these two countries under fascism. In Italy the rise to power of Mussolini was bared on the idea that Italy could be the best country in Europe. Many Italians believe that Mussolini could create a nation as great as the famous Roman Empire had been. A similar feeling concerning greatness grew in Germany under the fascist leader Adolf. Hitler, who created the Nazis Party. The Germans, called Aryans, considered themselves to be a superior race both physically and mentally. Therefore, a feeling of nationalism or pride in their country quickly developed under fascist rule. Both Italy and Germany b ecame strong European powers as a result if nationalistic feelings. Their power rivaled the power of Britain. The Soviet Union and France Consequently, the development of nationalism in Germany and Italy became a long term cause of the Second World War. Militarism also was a cause of both WWI and WWII. Before the outbreak of war in 1914, Germany had developed an army that was powerful, efficient and successful in battle against Austria-Hungary (1860s) and even France (1870s). Because Germany had been highly industrialized she was able to maintain a strong army supported by military machines that rivaled anything Britain had. With this powerful force to rely on the Kaiser planned to expand his control our colonies. Militarism also became the cause of WWII. Japan was hungry for more land and natural resources to supply its war factories; it wanted to take control over all the countries and lands in the Pacific region. So they took action on December 7,1941, Japan launched an air raid from Japanese aircraft carriers against the US Naval headquarters at Pearl Harbor, and also 360 Japanese fighte r planes. The result was a disaster; altogether 2500 Americans were killed and 1200 were injured. The day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S declared war on Japan. The last similarities of the cases of the two wars is imperialism. In WWI, many countries had colonies: the French had a large stake in northern Africa and Indochina, Portugal held land in the East Indies, and Belgium had diamond interests in Africa. Germany only held few in Africa. Also in 1931 the first serious test of the League’s power occurred when Japan invaded Chinese province of Manchuria. China called for help to the League to stop Japan, but the League did nothing. Member countries were in the midst of the Great Depression and were occupied with their own economic problems. So, there was nothing done to stop Japanese imperialism and Manchuria came under its control. One difference of the causes between these two wars is alliance. Although nations of Europe looked at each other in less than favourable light, they also realized that alone they were vulnerable. By the end of the first decade of the new century the old alliances were shifting. England, France, and Russia, fearing the rise of Germany, signed an alliance, which was called Triple Entente. In response to this alliance, Germany formed the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy. The purpose of the alliances was to avoid war no country would dare to attack one member of an alliance because the other nations would come to help. But on the other hand, after WWI the American government returned to its policy of isolationism. It did not want to become involved in the affairs of other countries. It believed that any involvement would drag the US into wars that had nothing to do with its interests. This attitude of minding ones own business or isolationism was used by many countries and became a major cause of WWII. Another difference is in WWII the policy of appeasement was used to gain more territory and power, and the appeasement wasn’t used in WWI. The fear of communism made some people less critical of Hitler and encouraged some politicians to be sympathetic to his demands. Many politicians also viewed that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh on Germany and that some of its lost territories should be returned. British Prime Minister Chamberlain was the strongest supporter of appeasement yet he was Hitler’s greatest political victim. Chamberlain firmly believed that the only way to prevent another world was to give in to some of Hitler’s demands. But at the end he realized that Hitler is not to be trusted. Research Papers on WWI, A Buildup Up To WWII - History EssayAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBringing Democracy to AfricaQuebec and CanadaGenetic EngineeringPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayDefinition of Export Quotas19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Amazon Utilizes a Unique Method in Delivering Books to Consumers, This Research Paper

Amazon Utilizes a Unique Method in Delivering Books to Consumers, This Network Is Called Whispernet - Research Paper Example E-commerce has profoundly altered the mode through which people used to traditionally buy goods and/or services as well as conduct business activities. The major markets of e-commerce can be identified as United States, United Kingdom and Japan in the current scenario. In the e-commerce segment, Amazon faces competition from several players. In North American region, the major players of e-commerce apart from Amazon are Apple, Wal-Mart and Sears, while in Latin America, BuscaPe.com, Groupon.com, Mercado Livre, and UOL play a dominating role among other e-retailers. In European region, the major players are eBay, DailyDeal.com, Weltbild.com and CooleDeals.com among other websites. Similarly, in Asian region the major e-commerce players are 360buy.com, Suning.com and Meituan.com among other websites. As these websites also operate in similar segment, they tend to act as major competitors for Amazon (yStats, â€Å"Global B2C E-Commerce Players Report 2011†). Irrespective of sever al competitors in the e-commerce sector, Amazon has shown significant growth in terms of its business and revenue. Thesis Statement The paper aims to develop an unambiguous understanding towards the impact of e-commerce over the business functions of Amazon. The paper describes how Amazon has utilized e-commerce in several aspects of business in order to gain higher revenue. The paper also describes the strategies used by Amazon analysing the telecommunication approaches used by the company. Company Characteristics Historically, Amazon has tangled itself strictly with e-commerce trends and was successful in developing its business functions from mere book selling to an e-retailing company. By recognising the growth trend of internet, Amazon had commenced offering ‘virtual bookstore’ facilities providing opportunities to buyers to view books along with reviews before purchasing. Amazon commenced its operations online in 1997 with a vision to retail books with low-cost co mpared to other traditional book retailers. In 1998, Amazon expounded the product line from books to other items to strengthen its position in e-commerce (Pearson Education, â€Å"Introduction to E-commerce†). The mission of Amazon is to emerge as a customer oriented company and attain the leadership position in the online retailing market. Amazon’s objective is to satisfy the requirement and desire of customers in e-commerce segment. It is the goal of the organisation to increase the efficiency and productivity of business and turn into a preferable website for online shopping of books along with other products. Organizational Structure Presently, Amazon follows the virtual organisational structure which is a modern form of business introduced in the 21st century. As a virtual organization, Amazon possesses a widespread geologically dispersed work culture, empowered by innovative telecommunication

Phonemic Inventories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Phonemic Inventories - Assignment Example The thesis below will discuss the smallest elements of spoken language. One element discussed on this topic is phones versus letters. It is said that human language speech is not only built through face-to-face conversations but also through expressions made through the phones. For instance, if the listener says the word â€Å"puppy!† one will get the meaning through interpretation of messages ( Fountain and Bishoffs 5 ). The meaning of this language is that the person is astonished and even if the visual channels are entirely blocked, the person on the other end will get the message thus the sounds of language are sufficient to allow us to express the meaning. In the word puppy as used in the example, the first word used just a little air is used, very quiet and does not take a longer time. The second sound â€Å"uh†. The third sound is the same as the first one and the final sound is to the vowel â€Å"be†. Single speech sounds are referred by linguistics as phones. These words are separated through a method referred to as orthographic representation, which is specifically designed to write phone of speech occurring to humans naturally (Bartels 221). From the word puppy, the first word appears as pApi in the IPA. Comparing the two the first letters â€Å" P† in the sequences are the same. From the standard English, the letter P usually stand for the sound, but not usually stand for that sound for instance, from the word phrase, the P is silent hence no sound is made during it pronunciation ( Kenneth 79). In the IPA, the letter P always stands for the sound. The second sound in the orthography â€Å" A† in the IPA is represented by the symbol A meaning that the sounds are different. There is no sound in the symbol A, so it is not meaningful ( Kunter 224 ). In the sequence, there is an appearance of the letter â€Å"p† again. The two identical letters sound different from a single letter, and an individual ought to know the

EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EXAM - Essay Example Since consumers are influential growth-producing investments, it becomes more imperative to change them to true patriotic fans (McKenna, 1991). This emphasizes the significance of marketing to gratify consumers and even please them and not just acquiring them. Arguably, research indicates that customer satisfaction leads to customer retention, increased future incomes and future promotion attributable to affirmative word-of-mouth (Vandermerwe, 2004). For this reason, organizations can create and retain customers through customer satisfaction. The organization can attain customer satisfaction be through a great customer emotional experience (Vandermerwe, 2004). A powerful product branding makes a product stand out. It is the product brand that assists the product to weigh down the other products in the market (Mullins & Walker, 2009). Saxonville Sausages is a prime example of how effective branding and market entry strategies allowed it to position its products in the market (Moore, 2007). They had targeted family and homemakers who relished home cooked food. The advertisements showed women using Saxonville sausages to make different dishes and enjoying it with family (Moore, 2007). Thus it was able to create a niche market position. Through right positioning, it was able to revive its declining profits (Mullins & Walker, 2009). Mountain Man brewery case, on the other hand emphasizes the need for new product to meet the challenges of time (Abelli, 2007). Mountain Man is an established brand of lager with regional specialty that primarily caters to the niche market of coal miners. Its brand equity is associated with long history of coal mining and has a loyal customer base which now is elderly populace (Abelli, 2007). The new light beer would meet the tastes of young generation but fears that it could threaten its brand equity (Abelli, 2007). But this is a risk which the firm must take to maintain its competitive advantage in the

Aldi Is A German Based Discount Retailer Chain Marketing Essay

Aldi Is A German Based Discount Retailer Chain Marketing Essay 1.Introduction: Aldi is a German based discount retailer chain establish in 18 countries. It is Europes largest retailer. Aldi got market in German, Australia, Austria, Great Britain, Belgium, France, Greece, Ireland, Slovenia, Switzerland, Denmark, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, USA etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Aldi is the abbreviation for ALbrecht DIscount. This is a private company , it has started in 1913 by Mrs Albrecht. But after the second World War it has been managed by her sons Theo and Karl. In 1963 Aldi has been divided into two companies (Aldi North and Aldi South), but both of them followed same business model and strategy. Germany is the only country in which both the companies operated. The company specialized by selling staple products , Aldi shop sells approximately 700 grocery and household products. Those are chilled foods, canned and frozen goods, baked goods, meat dairy products, household supplies and a special range of locally bought products which customers shopped for on a regular basis. Enterprise system is a software product designed to integrate computer systems that run all phases of an enterprises operations to facilitate cooperation and coordination of work across the enterprise. The intent is to integrate core business processes (such as sales, accounting, finance, human resources, inventory and manufacturing). Business strategy means a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal or set of goals. It states how business should be conduct to achieve the desired goals. We need to implement Enterprise System software in Aldi to successfully achieve those goals . 2 Main Body: 2.1 How could an Enterprise System support the business strategy of Aldi: 2.(1.1 ) Business Strategy of Aldi : Aldis one of the main business strategy is Top quality at incredibly low prices- guaranted and radical efficiencies without compromising product quality . Aldi selling top quality products but their price is comparatively lower than others because their buyers are expert in their field. They bring fresh fruits and vegetables straightway from farmers. Also, they buy them in big quantity. There is no middleman thats why they do not need to spend extra money. They negotiate with the hand-picked suppliers about substantial discount. There is a big savings .Also, there is no bagging facilities that means customers have to use their own bag or Aldi charges for bags. Moreover, there are staff limitations, three to five employees including cashier and manager at a time in each store. To avoid credit card company fees they refuse to accept credit card payments. They dont have any customer service facilities. By using those above methods they cut cost and provide cheap products. Aldi always careful about their product quality. If they find anything wrong about their product then straightway they give money back to customer by using product recall method. That means Aldi give an important notice to bring back that product or call customer service helpline to get their money back. Currently they got wrong with Gardenline Greenhouse and Conservatory Heater. They got some instance that the product could overheat and present a fire hazard. So, they stop to selling it and give a notice to take money back. Shopping cart retrieve system is another important strategy of Aldi. Aldi product is very cheap. So, we can buy all necessary products by spending few amounts of money. Because of that everybody need a cart to shop at Aldi store .If they get it easily then after shopping customers will leave it anywhere .Also, Aldi have to implement someone to organize them. It will be cost effective for Aldi. So, if customer want to retrieve a cart, they have to spend a coin but they will get it back when return that cart. Because of this strategy all carts are organized nicely and dont need anybody to look-after those. Texas stores open is another strategy of Aldi. Aldi expand their business with Texas. They open their first Texas store on Thursday 18th March 2010.Also, Aldi planned to open about 100 Texas stores by 2010. They open 11 shops in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. 9 more shops open in April and another 7 by May. After that Texas becomes Western most state in those are operates by Aldi. Aldis action loudly says likely they will expand their business in southwest. For instance ,they have developed a line of Hispanic products for their Texas stores. They will serve those products in Arizona and New Mexico because there are large Hispanic populations. Another strategy of Aldi business is   Ã‚  A new promotion campaign will be introduced over the next 4 months to encourage present customers to increase their use of Aldis products by 10%. This is about expand in existing market to maintain existing buyers. Promotional offer is their main tactic to attract customers. Aldi provide leaflet and newsletter to inform this offer. Their promotional offer is acceptable for customers. Offer is like buy one get one free of half price. Also, Thursday and Sunday special price. 2.(1.2) Competitor Analysis: There are some of the biggest competitors in the supermarket industry, those are Coles, IGA and Lidl . Working out competitors objectives gives the business a good idea of their current strategy and suggest what they will do in future. It is useful to know the relative importance that competitors place on profitability, sales volume and market share. This could give managers of the business insight into how competitors may react to their strategies. 2.(1.3) Strategy Formulation: In formulation, I am trying to modify the current strategies in ways to make the organization more successful. We already know about Aldis strategy and its environment, now strategic alternatives can be developed. Strategic alternatives depends on the current strategy of Aldi and the existing status that is experienced. There are several strategic alternatives that Aldi could undertake. First, they should keep improving mix product market. Another alternative is Aldi could consider to diverse their operations, like they can offer credit or debit cards payment. Third strategic option is that Aldi should do nothing to change their operation as it is currently working and complementing the external environment. Aldi has three strategic alternatives that totally complement their existing strategy and the initiatives taken in the market. There are three aspects of strategy formulation. Those are- corporate level strategy, competitive strategy and functional strategy. Corporate Level Strategy: In this aspect of strategy, we are concerned with broad decisions about the total Aldis scope and direction. Basically, we consider what changes should be made in our growth objective and strategy for achieving it, the lines of business we are in, and how these lines of business fit together. It is useful to think of three components of corporate level strategy: a) growth of directional strategy, b) portfolio strategy, c) parenting strategy Competitive Strategy: This involves deciding how Aldi will compete within each line of business (LOB) or strategic business unit (SBU). Functional Strategy: These more localized and shorter-horizon strategies deal with how each functional area and unit will carry out its functional activities to be effective and maximize resource productivity. 2.(1.4) Enterprise System Implementation: Enterprise system will provide real time information, enforce standards, helps to improve business process of the company. Enterprise system deliver as the backbone of an organizations information needs. It helps to improve business process and achieve fast connectivity with any branch, internally or externally data could be shared in real time. By using this software manager can monitor every aspect of the companys operations and performance .They can achieve their goal easily. Enterprise system software must make big changes in Aldis business process . It is enabling to better and faster decision making, reduce information reporting cost, decrease management hand-counts. Davenport point out in his book Mission Critical that, without implementing enterprise system it is impossible to do electronic commerce. If Aldi want to achieve worldwide market they need fast in time communication facilities. They only doing 2pages newsletter nothing else like online ordering or advertisement. They should start e-business, online information, home delivery. Successfully do the electronic business, Customer Relationship Management they need to adopt enterprise system software in their business. By using enterprise system software many organization in the world performed their business process. This system could help Aldi to achieve high levels of operational efficiency and will be able to respond more rapidly, deliver higher quality and improve cost efficiency. Aldi can access to ample data on both the market and internal operations. We can see the competitive difference comes from the analysis, interpretation and action depend on this data. Aldi can gain a strategic advantage by finding patterns and opportunities faster and deeper than competitors. To be a successful organization Aldi has to adopt changing circumstances and able to integrate and process information system. I think enterprise system is able to dramatically decrease transaction and communication costs. Whether the business core strength in efficient supply chain or superior customer service, instant visibility into key business process via service level agreement or performance metrics helps to achieve a competitive advantage in the World market. This software implementation cost is very high but it is important for long term success of the business. There is not any strong Enterprise System in Aldi Group. I think by implementing Enterprise system like CRM( Customer Relationship Management) system they can develop their business. 2.1.(4.1) Customer Relationship Management(CRM): CRM provides integrated functionality for marketing, sales, customer support and call centre requirements. Functions include- Call centre management, Sales force automation, Customer contact point management, Order entry and order tracking, Service management and content management. 2.1.4.(1.1) Call Centre Management: Aldi need to start call centre management system to improve their business strategy. Because consumers are very busy about their personnel life , they dont have any spare time. For that- sometimes customer try to find information about products availability, product quality and price by calling to customer service. Because there are many competitive markets , consumers got many choice. So, there is no point to spend time and extra money for same product. Understanding customer needs allows the organization to design customer-specific levels of service and track profitability at the customer level. They have to understand what is customers looking for. If the call centre management system is not good and all informations are not updated then customers will get wrong information. May be some times customers calling for information but nobody pick up the phone then they will loose the customer. This increase value per customer and customer retention. 2.1.4.(1.2) Sales force automation: Sales force automation (SFA) software is a type of program that automates business tasks such as inventory control, sales processing, and tracking of customer interactions, as well as analyzing sales forecasts and performance. Aldi need this for integration of sales and marketing to improve efficiency. Sometimes customers want to get timely and precise information about orders. When customer see there is delay about product deliver they need to know current situation. There need quick and reliable responses to all inquiries. Aldi have to be able to meet their commitment on time. If customers get any bad experience about commitment they will not come back again. They need frequent contract and follow-through facilities. 2.1.4.(1.3 )Customer contact point management: A contact point is the method a customer uses to communicate with a company. For instance , consider the different ways customer may interact an organization By visiting retail stores customers seek in-person assistance for their need and also discussion with company peoples. Fastest contact point is through the internet. Now-a-days electronic-commerce is most important method for purchasing certain types of products including music. Also, customers can contact with company personnel for companys financial issues. For instance, credit personnel help customer arrange the necessary funds to make a purchase. Aldi have to implement enterprise system to manage customer contact point. They need to start online ordering also, they should start to accept credit card payment. By providing these facilities they can achieve their goal. 2.1.4.(1.4) Order entry and order tracking: This is another method of CRM. When customer go for online shopping they need to open an account, they need authorization for online order and payment. Furthermore, customer can track their order by using their account. To improve Aldi business strategy they should provide order entry and order tracking facilities. Aldi will be able to attract more customer, increase their selling and profit. 2.1.4.(1.5) Service Management and Content Management: This is all about service and collection of procedures used to manage workflow in a collaborative environment. This procedures can be manual or computer based. CRM(Customer Relationship Management) system helps understanding customer needs, Aldi has to design customer-specific levels of service and track profitability at the customer level. This increase value per customer and customer retention. This system integrate sales and marketing to increase efficiency. Customers need timely and precise information about orders, quick and reliable responses to all inquiries, ability to meet scheduled commitments on time. CRM efficiency can be improved by providing current and important information to sales staff. Aldi can reduce sales calls, by sending e-mail, they can reduce communication costs, paper work costs, also integrated system decrease training costs. They can collect customer information by using web based and e-mail based tools. If Aldi start to use something like bonus card or club card, they will get overall idea about customer- which product customers like most, they can offer promotional items. It is easy way to attract customers to Aldi product. Customer Experience management (CEM) will provide autometed customer feedback. Customer can compare Aldi product with other company, easily find comparatively cheapest one. Aldi have to start all forms of trading like- direct, traditional, retail, e-commerce, wholesale, combination. Only then it is possible to make it world largest acceptable company. By using the Enterprise System software Aldi could fulfill their mission. Enterprise System will give information about them Customers will be able to know about Aldis efficiency, low price product, product quality, required product availability. Also, Manager can easily get overall idea about Aldi like- which product selling more, customers demand, which product need to be ordered more. Aldi got overseas business ,so it will be very easy and faster to get information about any branch in the world. They can do employee recruitment ,training, required staff in different Aldi branch, paying salary etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2.2 Barriers to implement Enterprise System in Aldi group: It is highly cost effective to implement Enterprise System in Aldi, because their main strategy is cheap price product supply. If they spend a lot of money implement Enterprise System they will not be able to sell product by cheap. The lack of clearly defined CRM strategies and support structures can burn organizations. Contemporary business strategy must realize how to filter the large data warehouses and integrate certain data into marketing and customer service strategy. Aldi have to face core problems to assess their strategy to the system, a number or actors are involved, internal and external staff. Staff need to be well trained to use the system otherwise it will upset customers that had their calls routed to wrong locations and increase call costs.It is not good enough to just plan resources required to run the enterprise, they need to be managed as well. 2.3 How Aldi can overcome from barriers: Aldi have to focus on staff training, order entry and call centre applications to seamlessly coordinate customer information from outside sales staff to inside customer support staff. This narrow focus enables Aldis staff to acclimate to the software quickly without feeling overwhelmed. Attaining goals in stages enable staff to take ownership of the systems and gather momentum for the new systems. They have to implement some specific trained staff to provide these facilities to the customer. 3 Conclusion: Aldi implemented good relationships with suppliers to ensure favorable prices over considerable quantities. With them, the business guarantees long-term commitments with producers which allow producing more in better conditions and cheaper, orders of whole lorries, saving of packaging costs. On the other hand, the consumers have a high power of negotiation because they are the target of several retailers. So they just have the choice to choose the one which suits to their budget. Aldi is Worldwide business company, so if they successfully implement Enterprise System in their business then it will support to establish their business strategy.

Physics of Speed Detection :: police law enforcement radar gun speeding ticket

Speed detection is one of the most notorious functions of our local and state police. How do they know how fast we are going? Speed determination is accomplished in two basic ways. First, the least sophisticated method is dependent upon an officer's ability to guess your speed. Second, either some electronic method using radar or laser instrumentation authenticates that officer's guess. As you will see, their guesses are usually right on target. What does this mean for you? Usually a speeding ticket or if your infraction isn't a flagrant disregard for safety, a friendly warning. Speed(s) is the distance travelled divided by the total time it took to get from the starting point to the ending point, or: s=(Dx)/(Dt) How does the speedometer work? Your vehicle's speedometer determines your speed by examining the angular velocity(v) of your axle (how fast your axle spins) and multiplying it with the manufacturers' recommended circumference for the vehicle's tires. (This is why using oversize tires will cause your speedometer to register a lower speed than your actual travelling speed-the circumference of the oversize tires is greater than that of the recommended tires, while the angular speed remains the same) So, in application: s = v*2pr Why should we limit our speed? Speed limits are designated for roads based on the roads characteristics such as its geometry and capacity, and traffic characteristics such as overall volume, hourly volume and traffic density. Speed limits are designed to most effectively and safely regulate traffic. There are several methods of manual speed detection, but they are all based on obtaining a known distance and comparing it to the time it took to travel that distance. Officers who have been watching traffic for a long time tend to get a really good grasp of almost instantaneously knowing how fast vehicles are travelling. A table showing an officer's guess along side an inexperienced observer's guesses and the radar results is shown below. Note that Officer Keeler's guesses are all within 3 mph of the actual speed. My guesses tend to have a higher deviation and were sometimes influenced by officer Keeler's guesses if he spoke first. The other methods include using a stopwatch and timing a vehicle on a known distance, either from the ground or in an aircraft, and pacing a vehicle. Pacing a vehicle involves either matching speeds with the vehicle and checking your speedometer or locating distinct markings and counting so that you can again divide distance by time to obtain a speed. Physics of Speed Detection :: police law enforcement radar gun speeding ticket Speed detection is one of the most notorious functions of our local and state police. How do they know how fast we are going? Speed determination is accomplished in two basic ways. First, the least sophisticated method is dependent upon an officer's ability to guess your speed. Second, either some electronic method using radar or laser instrumentation authenticates that officer's guess. As you will see, their guesses are usually right on target. What does this mean for you? Usually a speeding ticket or if your infraction isn't a flagrant disregard for safety, a friendly warning. Speed(s) is the distance travelled divided by the total time it took to get from the starting point to the ending point, or: s=(Dx)/(Dt) How does the speedometer work? Your vehicle's speedometer determines your speed by examining the angular velocity(v) of your axle (how fast your axle spins) and multiplying it with the manufacturers' recommended circumference for the vehicle's tires. (This is why using oversize tires will cause your speedometer to register a lower speed than your actual travelling speed-the circumference of the oversize tires is greater than that of the recommended tires, while the angular speed remains the same) So, in application: s = v*2pr Why should we limit our speed? Speed limits are designated for roads based on the roads characteristics such as its geometry and capacity, and traffic characteristics such as overall volume, hourly volume and traffic density. Speed limits are designed to most effectively and safely regulate traffic. There are several methods of manual speed detection, but they are all based on obtaining a known distance and comparing it to the time it took to travel that distance. Officers who have been watching traffic for a long time tend to get a really good grasp of almost instantaneously knowing how fast vehicles are travelling. A table showing an officer's guess along side an inexperienced observer's guesses and the radar results is shown below. Note that Officer Keeler's guesses are all within 3 mph of the actual speed. My guesses tend to have a higher deviation and were sometimes influenced by officer Keeler's guesses if he spoke first. The other methods include using a stopwatch and timing a vehicle on a known distance, either from the ground or in an aircraft, and pacing a vehicle. Pacing a vehicle involves either matching speeds with the vehicle and checking your speedometer or locating distinct markings and counting so that you can again divide distance by time to obtain a speed.

Microplastic Pollution

Microplastic pollution is an increasing problem in the marine environment. This study had five research objectives: establish if seagrass habitats are accumulating microplastics compared to sandy habits in the Florida Keys, identify if there are any microplastics present in field collected sea cucumbers in the Florida Keys, determine the number of microplastics in Pensacola Beach sediment, determine the number of microplastics in St. Joseph Bay sediment, analyze field collected sand dollars in the Panhandle of Florida for microplastics, and conduct a laboratory experiment on the sand dollar, Mellita tenuis, to determine if they are selecting for microplastics. Microplastics were extracted from samples using a saturated CaCl2 solution, and visual examination. Both seagrass beds and sandy areas in the Florida Keys contained microplastics. Sediment in Pensacola and St. Joseph Bay both contained microplastics. Sea cucumbers collected in the Florida Keys, and sand dollars collected in the Panhandle of Florida, had microplastics as part of their gut content, suggesting they may make useful animals for monitoring nearshore environments for microplastic pollution. In the laboratory, M. tenuis ingested microplastics in slightly lower proportions compared to surrounding sediment. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Microplastics Plastic production has been increasing worldwide for the last sixty years, with manufacturing increasing about 9% each year. In 2007, 260 million tons of plastic were produced (PlasticsEurope 2008). The high durability, low cost, and light weight have made plastic the material of choice in creating many products (Andrady and Neal 2009; Thompson et al. 2009). The incredible success of the plastic industry was unexpected, thus when plastics were first introduced, dangers to the environment were ignored (Stefatos et al. 1999; Derraik 2002). In 2010, between 4.8 to 12.7 million metric tons of plastic entered the marine environment, and the amount is increasing each year (Jambeck et al. 2015). The consequences of plastic entering the marine environment has only been recently recognized, and is still not well understood. The combination of the long time it takes for plastic to degrade, its ability to concentrate contaminants, and the ingestion by marine organisms are collectively raising concerns for the health of the marine environment. Microplastics are defined as plastic pieces less than 5 mm in size (Arthur et al. 2009; Van Cauwenberghe et al. 2015), although different studies have contrasting definitions of microplastics making comparisons difficult (Van Cauwenberghe et al. 2015). Primary microplastics are intentionally made 5 mm or less for use in cosmetics, cleaners, and industrial scrubbers. Microplastic pellets are the raw plastic material from which larger plastic items are made (Wilber 1987; Costa et al. 2010). Secondary microplastics are derived from larger plastic sources by mechanical, photolytic, or chemical degradation (Mathalon and Hill 2014; Alomar et al. 2016). Examples of secondary microplastics include irregular fragments from macroplastics, and fibers from clothes and nets. Plastics enter the ocean from sources on land and on the sea. About 75% – 90% of plastic debris is land-based coming from littering, and improperly maintained landfills. Areas with higher river input have a higher concentration of microplastics (Vianello et al. 2013; Van Cauwenberghe et al. 2015). The other 10% – 25% come from direct inputs to the ocean, such as shipping, dumping garbage, and fishing (Wessel et al. 2016). Human population density is a large contributing factor in the distribution of microplastics in the ocean and on shorelines and, not surprisingly, heavily populated areas have higher concentrations of debris compared to areas of low population density (Van Cauwenberghe et al. 2015). Beaches near urbanized areas may have 3.3% of the sediment composed of microplastics by weight compared to 0.12% in more isolated areas (Carson et al. 2011; Van Cauwenberghe et al. 2015). With human population growth, more waste is entering the oceans via sewage outfalls, rivers, littering, and industrial discharge (Claessens et al. 2011; Derraik 2002). Over 90% of the variation in the abundance of microplastics on shorelines can be explained by the population density near the area being sampled (Barnes 2005; Browne et al. 2010). Population size and waste management systems largely determine which countries contribute the greatest amount of plastic marine debris into the ocean. If waste management does not improve, there will be an order of magnitude increase in the amount of plastic entering the ocean by 2025 (Jambeck et al. 2015). Documentation of microplastics in the marine environment began in the 1970's when they were first described in the water column (Carpenter and Smith 1972; Carpenter et al. 1972), and on shorelines (Gregory 1977; Gregory 1978; Shiber 1979; Shiber 1982). Thirty years later occurrence of microplastics in the sediment was first described (Thompson et al. 2004). Types of microplastics in the environment include: fibers, fragments, films, and microbeads found in the water column, along shorelines, and in sediment in every marine environment (Wright et al. 2013b; Alomar et al. 2016). Fibers are the most abundant type of microplastic found by many studies, and may be composed of nylon, polyvinyl alcohol, and polypropylene (Browne et al. 2010; Claessens et al. 2011; Alomar et al. 2016; Taylor et al. 2016). Nylon fibers come from clothes, carpets, ropes, and nets. Polyvinyl alcohol fibers are from fishing gear such as fishing lines. Polypropylene fibers are derived from ropes and carpets (Claessens et al. 2011). Washing a single piece of clothing produces around 1,900 fibers that may be released into the environment, thus fiber pollution is often greatest in areas near sewage outfalls (Browne et al. 2011; Alomar et al. 2016). More than four microplastic fibers per gram of sediment have been found in samples taken from areas where sewage is discharged into the ocean (Browne et al. 2010). The ability to determine if a fiber is plastic, or some other type of material, is crucial for accurate estimates of the amount of plastic in the environment. A study in the English Channel found that over half of the fibers ingested by fish were made of cellulose compounds (Lusher et al. 2013)Fragments are usually broken down from larger materials that may be made out of a variety of polymers including polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polyester, nylon and polyamide (Browne et al. 2010). Polyethylene and polypropylene are found in plastics like bottle caps, fishing line, wrappers, cigarette butts, and straws (Wessel et al. 2016). Polyethylene and polypropylene production uses half of the oil consumed for plastic production (Browne et al. 2010). Plastic films are used in products such as balloons, frozen food packaging, and medical supplies (Claessens et al. 2011). These one-use plastics degrade over time becoming microplastics. Microbeads function as scrubbing agents in face washes and cleansers, and are made from polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene (Claessens et al. 2011). Presence of microbeads in Nieuwpoort Harbor, Belgium, the largest yacht harbor in Northern Europe, was ascribed to transport by several rivers flowing into the harbor (Claessens et al. 2011). Castaà ±eda et al. (2014) found a high concentration of microbeads in the Saint Lawrence River coming from industrial sewage. Microbeads have a higher density than many plastics, so it is hypothesized that microbeads settle to the bottom before being transported further offshore. While this type of microplastic is not normally the most abundant in the environment, microbeads have been used in many laboratory experiments, and marine organisms are known to ingest them (Setà ¤là ¤ et al. 2016).

The circumstances of globalization Essays

The circumstances of globalization Essays The circumstances of globalization Essay The circumstances of globalization Essay Introduction Under the fortunes of globalisation, the demand for high-quality and high- velocity interlingual renditions has been increasing worldwide. Satisfying these demands may ensue of the increasing of clip and cost for transcribers and interlingual rendition companies. Thus how heighten the quality and productiveness with low cost is one of the jobs. In order to accomplish the clip and cost economy, the computing machine assisted interlingual rendition ( CAT ) tools is playing an of import function in interlingual rendition industry. The CAT tools enabling to cover the whole interlingual rendition procedure at a clip has been created and commercialized by the linguistic communication industry in recent decennaries ( Austermuhl, 2001 ) . Amongst interlingual rendition tools, interlingual rendition memory ( TM ) systems are considered as the effectual tools due to increasing interlingual rendition productiveness by offering old interlingual rendition automatically ( Austermuhl, 2001 ) . Howe ver, there are assorted TM systems worldwide and which is the most effectual may change depends on single demands such as linguistic communication system or text types. This essay will try to measure two TM systems, SDL Trados Studio and Wordfast authoritative, by comparing each characteristic of operational maps. To compare and measure two TM systems, the construct of TM systems, characteristics of several TM systems foremost will be explained as background cognition of the treatment in this essay. The lineation of TM systems Translation memory is a database of multilingual texts which allow to storage both the beginning and mark text sections in analogue and retrieved conformity with the set standards ( Austermuhl 2001 cites Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards, EAGLES ) . Namely, the mark text is foremost divided into section units and stored in TM through interlingual rendition procedure. These stored sections are available to be reused for the new interlingual rendition undertaking. If the sections stored in TM are absolutely matched or similar to the new beginning text, TM offers the old interlingual renditions automatically to a transcriber. The transcriber can make up ones mind whether these offered interlingual renditions should be accepted or non. Besides it is possible to revise the old interlingual renditions in TM through and after interlingual rendition. Esselink ( 2000 ) points out some disadvantage of TM as follows: The Final layout of translated text is non displayed until completing the interlingual rendition. In this instance, proofreading after the interlingual rendition is required. Some jobs may happen in TM direction, particularly in the instance of multilingual undertaking. Revising TM after re-converted into the original manner is non available, viz. , in order to update TM, the translated file is required to be converted into TM s acceptable format once more. Time devouring due to the demand of change overing the beginning text into the appropriate format for interlingual rendition. TM filter is non updated when the beginning text is a new file format. As a consequence, some agreement is required in order to be accepted. Changing the construction of the text is non available within paragraph. It is necessary to make the file filter depend on the file format if it is different from the default. Sing above references, he ( 2000 ) suggests that the stuff text should be examined before interlingual rendition, and transcribers should make up ones mind whether to utilize TM, because in some instances, interpreting without TM is more effectual than utilizing TM system. Meanwhile, TM has recognized as effectual and time-saving engineering for monolithic interlingual renditions, particularly proficient or manual text which include some insistent usage of proficient nomenclature ( Mitkov 2007 ) . This is largely due to the effectivity against cut downing duplicative work and to heighten the uniformity of footings. For illustration, in the instance of the uninterrupted interlingual rendition undertaking of the specific field, the TM is offered to the transcriber and the proficient footings will be transferred from TM exactly to the new beginning text. By this agencies, TM allows transcribers to portion the alone nomenclature used in the specific field and contributes to keep the interlingual rendition quality. The specific characteristics of Wordfast Classic TM operational maps Wordfast Classic is defined as a CAT tool designed as a Microsoft Wordâ„ ¢ add-on. Its lightweight, flexible construction makes it easy to put in and utilize ( Wordfast 2010 ) . This CAT tool comprises some utile operational maps, such as nomenclature direction, importing exporting glossary and TM, papers transition, analysis and alliance ( Wordfast 2010 ) . Amongst the operational maps, some good characteristics of Wordfast Classic will be explained here. ITI Bulletin ( 2006 ) points out that Wordfast Classic is simple to utilize, which can non merely use to Word but besides to Power Point, Access and Excel files by linking straight with Word application interface. It is besides compatible with other machine interlingual rendition plans such as PowerTranslatorâ„ ¢ and other CAT tools such as Trados, by change overing TM into another format which is appropriate for several plan and exporting it ( ITI Bulletin 2006 ) . Importing other TM to Wordfast is besides available ( ITI Bulletin 2006 ) . In add-on, alignment map allows redacting the interlingual rendition stored in TM after interlingual rendition. Since this CAT tool is available of free download to have computing machine with some restrictions, those who are sing to utilize this tool can seek and analyze how utile or non for them before paid enrollment ( ITI Bulletin 2006 ) . If download PlusToolsâ„ ¢ and circuit board to the beginning papers, Wordfast Classic is available for a assortment of file format from HTML/ XLM to other labeled files ( Miller 2002 ) . However, there are some of import reminders for utilizing Wordfast Classic. One of them is that it is necessary to make clean-up TM after interlingual rendition for updating the TM database ( Miller 2002 ) . Since database is stored as txt. format, revising the translated text is possible without Wordfast ( Miller 2002 ) . Thus transcribers tend to bury to update TM and glossary. As a consequence, the truth of TM will be lost and TM can non use to other new interlingual rendition undertaking. The specific characteristics of Trados TM operational maps Trados TM which consisting the beginning and mark sections, is created in the Translation Memories position ( Trados 2010 ) . Respective section brace of the beginning and mark is called a interlingual rendition unit and it is possible to add some information for each interlingual rendition unit such as when it was created and updated, and who created it ( Trados 2010 ) . Thus it might be utile to pull off the interlingual rendition history. The interlingual rendition unit is displayed in analogue, which is contributing to comparing of the beginning and mark section when redaction. There are three types of fiting map: fuzzy, context and 100 % lucifer ( Trados 2010 ) . Although the default of Fuzzy fiting rate is set at 70 % or over, this rate is able to be changed ( Trados 2010 ) . Context lucifer is applied when the beginning text and TM section lucifer absolutely and have the same context ( Trados 2010 ) . 100 % lucifer means the beginning text section lucifer precisely with the TM section ( Trados 2010 ) . In footings of the cleavage, Trados can custom-make the cleavage regulations depend on several linguistic communications ; Chinese, French, English, German, Spanish and Japanese, which are supported by Trados ( Trados 2010 ) . Therefore, there is non required to set the cleavage each clip. As mentioned above, fuzzed lucifer is applied when the matching rate is 70 % or over ( Trados 2010 ) . This indicates that if the fiting rate between the beginning and the TM section is less than 70 % , TM will non return any interlingual rendition ( Trados 2010 ) . Therefore, if preferring more or less than 70 % duplicate customise of the fuzzed matching rate should be required. Comparison of characteristic between Wordfast and Trados TM With the avobe description as background, the characteristic of Wordfast and Trados TM will be compared and assessed. First of all, in footings of utilizing TM in othe tranlation tools, both Wordfast and Trados can import/ export TM database by change overing the file type into the acceptable format for several TM. For illustration, Wordfast TM is stored in txt. format, while Trados TM is stored in sdltm. format. If change overing Trados TM to Wardfast, it is necessary to export to a tmx.file. Then open it with MS Word and unfastened Wordfast, so choose it as TM. Likewise, Wordfast besides can export its TM by change overing TM into tmx.format, unfastened Trados, making new empty TM and import the txt.file. Second, although making or opening Wordfast TM is about every bit simple as that of Trados, Trados TM is enriched with assorted optional maps, such as Enable character-based harmony hunt and fuzzed lucifer threshold, compared with Wordfast. However, when compareing the beginning section with mark section for translaiton, Wordfast seems to be more utile than Trados. In wordfast, the section is highlighted with grey colour and it is non allowed to leap sentences till snap the icon which represent to confirmation each clip. By contrast, Trados does non hold any specific maps which privent from traveling to the following section. As a consequence, jumping section sometimes occur in Trados. Since by and large interlingual rendition undertaking have a inclination to demand for high-velocity and quality, transcribers are frequently forced to work long hours a twenty-four hours. This will ensue in a higher rate of interlingual rendition escape. Finally, while Wordfast can non let a user to corroborate the translated text layout during interlingual rendition, Trados can expose the finished interlingual rendition within the edditing window. Therefore, the TM user can available to corroborate the translated text layout even during interlingual rendition. This show map of Trados might be effectual to clip economy, because the mistranslations or text layout and presentation can be recognized easy and interpreting and modifying can be available at the same time in the redaction window. Decision Although Wordfast and Trados portion certain simiralities in those operational maps such as the handiness of importing/ exporting TM, some virtue and demerit of several TM were besides recognized. It is hard to urge which is more first-class CAT tool, bacause the detarmination of virtue and demerit is affected by the state of affairs. In the instance of the monolithic interlingual rendition squad undertaking, Trados may be more effectual than Wordfast due to a assortment of optional map. On the contrary, if interpreting comparatively simple and short text, Wordfast may be convenience due to its simpleness of plan constellation procedure. Therfore, it might be important to analyze which CAT tool is suited for the interlingual rendition text or undertaking.

The Odyssey Thesis Essay Example

The Odyssey Thesis Essay Example The Odyssey Thesis Essay The Odyssey Thesis Essay Essay Topic: The Odyssey In the Odyssey, temptation is defined as hunger- both literal hunger (temptation for food) and fgurative hunger i. e. temptation for luxury, ambition, wealth, women, power, glory etc. This hunger, whether literal or fgurative keeps Odysseuss men from reaching their homes and uniting with their families. However, longing for family or grief for loved ones drives away hunger. Odysseus is the only man among his crew to reach home to Ithaca because his longing for his family and native land surpasses the hungers he encounters and experiences. Inordinate hunger/ emptation leads to Odysseuss men losing sight of their goal to reach their native land. The opening lines of the Odyssey refer to Odysseus as the wanderer, blown off course time and again/ After he plundered Troys sacred heights (3 page 1). This indicates that there is punishment for excessive hunger. It implies that Odysseus and his crew were blown off course after they plundered Troy because this plundering of Troy is a display of superiority and a way to satiate their hunger for revenge. As a result, theyre punished by the Gods who delay their Journey time and again. Nestor ells Telemachus that before they start their Journey back home Menelaus and Agamemnon have a quarrel and they call an assembly of the entire army in a reckless manner, toward sunset/ And all out of order [they] had all been drinking(1 50 page 32). This indicates that their temptation for indulgence and wine cause them to become reckless which in turn results in the Greek army splitting into two sections causing confusion, thereby delaying their Journey back home and putting several lives in Jeopardy. Zeus plans for them a bitter Journey home because they were not all prudent or Just(144 page 32) implying that they didnt ontrol their urges which made them loose sense of right or wrong. While recounting his story to the Phaecians, Odysseus tells them how he plundered the land of the Cicones in Ismaros and how he and his crew pillaged the town and killed the men. The women and the treasure that [they] took out (42 page 126) displaying the mens lust for power, wealth and women. This hunger makes the men complacent and oblivious of danger and even though Odysseus commands them to pull out fast they dont listen and continue indulging in drinking a lot of wine and [slaughtering] a lot of sheep and cattle on the shore(49 page 126). This results in their bitter defeat when the Cicones come back with reinforcements and kill several of Odysseuss men. Soon after, Odysseus and his men reach the land of the Cyclopes. Odysseus claims he has a strong premonition that [they] had a rendezvous with a man of great might, a savage with no notion of right and wrong (204 page 130) But despite this premonition Odysseus enters the Cyclops Polyphemuss cave to prove his metis to himself and his men. This hunger for glory almost Jeopardizes their chances of safe escape when after outwitting the Cyclops, Odysseus starts boasting and proclaiming Odysseus the marauder [put his eye out], Son of Laertes, whose home is on Ithaca (502 page 139) His men try to stop him but they arent able to persuade [his] heros heart(498 page 138). Odysseuss boastful declaration causes Poseidon to answer his sons (Polyphemuss) pleas to make Odysseus Journey back home long, journey to become fraught with misery. In the witch Circes house, Elpenor, one of Odysseuss men falls from the roof and dies. When Odysseus questions his ghost in Hades, he tells Odysseus that Bad luck and too much wine undid [him](56 page 159). This demonstrates how temptation for wine causes men to become careless thus leading to their downfall, and sometimes death. In the Island of Hyperion the sun, Odysseus warns his men not to eat or harm the cattle, but they go ahead and eat the cattle nevertheless. This angers Hyperion and Odysseus observes that the hides crawled, and the meat, both roasted and raw, mooed on the spits like cattle lowing(406 page 189). Despite these dark omens his men continue slaughtering the cattle displaying how their hunger surpassed not only their desire to go home but also their fear of Gods. Odysseus tries his best to save his crew but the fools [are] destroyed by their own recklessness When they [eat] the oxen of Hyperion the sun, and that god snuff[s] out their day of return (8 page 1). Longing and grief for family and home drives away hunger. And Odysseus returns home to Ithaca only because this longing for his native land and family has surpassed his hunger. Menelaus says that whenever he thinks of Odysseus, he doesnt want to sleep or eat implying that his longing to be united with his bosom friend is so great that it drives away his hunger. When Penelope comes to know that er son Telemachus has embarked on a Journey all by himself, she is grief-stricken. She would not touch food or drink But only lay there worrying about her son (846 page 67). Her fear of losing her only son is so overwhelming that she is unable to eat or drink. Longing for her beloved son has extinguished her hunger. While recounting his Journey to Telemachus, Menelaus says that while [he] wandered through those lands amassing wealth [his] brother was murdered So [he] did not enjoy being lord of this wealth. the] would gladly live with a third of [his] wealth And have those en back who perished in Troy (94-108 page 46-47). His pain and longing for his loved ones consumes him and all the wealth he amassed out of hunger for riches does not matter to him anymore because he knows he has lost something dearer. His grief for his brother and his comrades has purged him of all hunger. When Odysseus visits the ghost of Tiresias in Hades, the seer warns him and his men not to eat the cattle of the sun when they reach the land of Hyperion. He tells them that he and his crew might Just make it home if they curb [their] own spirit(102 page 161). He says leave these (the cattle) unharmed, keep your mind on your homecoming implying that all hungers can be curbed if one focuses on their homecoming (108 page 161). As the epic progresses, we see Odysseus curbing his spirit and not giving in to temptation particularly at the land of the Lotus Eaters and in the Land of Helios the sun. His mind is focused on returning to Ithaca and even though he is starving, he does not give in to his hunger. However, his resolve becomes most pronounced when he is in Ogygia. Calypso offers him everything- love, shelter, riches, food and even eternal life. But Odysseus is unmoved. He stays with her and shares her bed, but unwillingly so. His grief steadily increases as time progresses. When Hermes was enough to make even a visiting God enraptured at its sight(77 page 72). But Odysseus isnt enjoying the beauty this land has to offer. He is seen sitting on the shore honing his hearts sorrow, Staring out to sea with hollow, salt rimmed eyes(85 page 72). Odysseus is not tempted by the luxuries the island has to offer or the eternally beautiful nymph goddess. His longing for his native land and family purges him of any temptations or hungers. He is focussing on the sorrow and longing for is family in his heart, while concentrating on the barren sea devoid of any temptations. It is because of this longing for his native land that Calypso finally gives up on him, and by the Gods designs, he leaves Ogygia, suffering on the sterile sea for several days before finally reaching the land of the Phaecians from where he is granted safe conduct to his homeland- Ithaca. Thus we see that Odysseus is the only hero capable of resisting all kinds of hungers because his love for his native land and his longing to be united with his family consumes him and purges him of all temptations.

Human Nature and Social values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Nature and Social values - Essay Example - Custom represents the experiences of men of earlier times as to what they supposed useful and harmful - but the sense for custom (morality) applies, not to these experiences as such, but to the age, the sanctity, the indiscussability of the custom. And so this feeling is a hindrance to the acquisition of new experiences and the correction of customs: that is to say, morality is a hindrance to the development of new and better customs: it makes stupid†.(from Nietzsches Daybreak, s.19, R.J. Hollingdale transl.) 4. The crisis of family values. It is the phenomenon that spreads all over the world. The proof for this is the resolution of the World Family Congress in Prague that was held in 1997 and continues in Geneva in 1999. Here the family crisis was discussed. It is worth mentioning that family crisis is reflected on many spheres of life of any society. Family is the main social institute and guarantee for the moral values. It is a fact that many countries experienced Cultural Revolution, materialism and sexual revolution that caused the discrimination of some aesthetic morals. Then the hedonistic societies were formed. As a result such society gets extramarital relationships, abortions, and unwed mothers. (Smith, 1990) There is a tendency that many young people pay more attention to their work now and they are not family-oriented. Nevertheless it is very difficult to judge as it was mentioned above. Probably now, when people have a special way of life and have firm goals they will be more successful and will not have any historical mistakes in future. (Reamer, 1999) â€Å"What is new, however, is always evil, being that which wants to conquer and overthrow the old boundary markers and the old pieties; and only what is old is good. The good men are in all ages those who dig the old thoughts, digging deep and getting them to bear fruit - the farmers of the spirit. But eventually all land is depleted, and the ploughshare of evil must come

Management 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Management 3000 - Essay Example In addition, the book is not only crucial for a manager and an aspiring manager but also to any individual willing to effectively learn important lessons crucial to their lives. The main theme of the book revolves around interpersonal skills on a broader perspective. However, I would divide the book into three, no actually four narrow categories, based on the achievement of the essential interpersonal skills to a manager. Of these four categories, the first one is the importance of self-awareness before seeking to understand others. Consequently, self-awareness is not something that you wake up one day and claim to have accomplished, something I have learned from the book. Apparently, self-awareness is an important and crucial skill that individuals need to conceptualize and acquire through a four-pronged approach. This covered the first unit and essentially the first four chapters in the book. I answered all the questions in these four chapters and I must say, although I read the chapters before answering the questions, there were instances that I found myself marking the wrong answer based on my personal biases. The second important thing I read pertains the need for individuals seeking to acquire interpersonal skills to learn how to work well with others in diversity. This unit covers the next four chapters of the book, that is, chapters five all the way to chapter eight. The questions are crucial to answering an individual’s perceptions about diversity. Thirdly, I read the other six chapters in the book based on the unit I would classify as understanding the team and its dynamics. This is essential for a manager who works with a team in their day-to-day operations, which effectively requires them to be knowledgeable of the dynamics controlling the team. Finally, the last unit I would call it the leadership unit. This is the actual unit that I would

James Dickey [Choose a good topic for me if you can] Research Paper

James Dickey [Choose a good topic for me if you can] - Research Paper Example Dickey, in his early poems, described confrontations particularly in nature and war not as away of telling people his heroic past, but as an ingenious way for discouraging acts of aggression, mortality, and redefining good moral values. Instead of adopting formalism, Dickey favored a narrative approach typified with charged emotions drawn from his past experiences (Clabough 3-6). This paper aims to explore James Dickey. Specifically, the paper aims to explore his biography and how Dickey used things that happened in his own life in the stories, books, or poems that he wrote. This paper will explore a number of novels and even poems to make the points clear. Mini-Biography Early years James Dickey was born on 2nd of February 1923 to Maibelle Swift and Eugene Dickey in Buckhead, Atlanta (Thesing and Wrede 1). He went to North Fulton High School and joined Clemson Agricultural College in 1942. He only spent one semester at Clemson Agricultural College before joining the US army. While i n the army, he participated in the WWII and Korean War. The break in between the wars enabled him to enroll at Vanderbilt University to pursue courses in philosophy and English. These qualifications landed him a new job as a lecturer at the University of Florida. Career Apart from serving in disciplined forces, Dickey lectured at Rice University in Texas and at the University of Florida. He also worked for McCann-Erickson, an advertising company as a copywriter. This introduced him to written art and it never took long before publishing his first book in 1960. More books on poetry were produced in the following years. His recognition as a great poet earned him another job as a Professor of English at the University of South Carolina around 1970. Personal Life James Dickey married Maxine Syerson in 1948 and together they had two sons, Christopher and Kevin, before his wife passed on in 1976. A few years later, he married another wife by the name Deborah Dodson and together they had a daughter, Bronwen. Just like the father, Christopher and Bronwen are novelists and Kevin is a practicing radiologist. Before he died in 1997, Dickey was working as poet-in-residence at the University of South Carolina. He succumbed to problems associated with alcoholism, jaundice and fibrosis of the lungs. Explaining the Thesis Dickey had an exceptional vision and in most cases he drew a lot from his life experience. In fact, most scholars who have reviewed his work were tempted to classify him as a confessional poet (Hill, para. 7-8). Every piece of work he published was motivated by a life experience. Dickey wrote about personal experiences, particular places, situations and memories. The distinctive poem of Dickey is one of reflection on experience or memory. Since, Dickey came from the South at a time when slave trade had not been abolished; his poems like "Slave Quarters" were developed around memories relating to places he visited. In "Slave Quarters," the intention of Dickey was to deal with undisclosed moral issues-the guilt over slavery characterized by sexual abuse and killings. A similar style is captured in his poem, "The Firebombing." In "The Firebombing poem,† Dickey genuinely raised issues of consciousness, empathy, regret and lack of good will.

Kant & Hume, Comparative Study Essay Example for Free

Kant Hume, Comparative Study Essay Two of the modern world’s most followed and known, yet opposing philosophers. Immanuel Kant and David Hume both assert that all knowledge comes from experience, yet disagree on whether or not experience determines all knowledge, disagree on the causality of the universe as organized or unorganized, and disagree on God’s existence (or non-existence) within the world. Despite these vast differences, however, both philosophies have managed to co-exist in the modern world. Kant proclaims that all knowledge comes from experience, and that people are intelligent and rational enough to synthesize previous experiences into predictions (or fore-knowledge) of the future. On the other hand, Hume proclaims that all knowledge comes from experience and that just because something has occurred in the past does not mean that it will occur in the future. In regard to causality of the universe, Kant puts forth the notion that the universe was created in a way so that the nature of all things lays uniform and perfect despite the passing of time. Hume, however, puts forth the notion that the universe was created in a way so that all things change over time. In Kant’s eyes God’s existence or non-existence could never be proven or disproven, and because of this doubt God therefore exists. For Hume, the idea of God can exist, but the being most know as God cannot because the idea of god is specific and unique to every individual and therefore there cannot be one God for all—rather everyone has a unique and personal God. Kant and Hume pit each other down in philosophical battle after philosophical only to realize that they never agree on compromises to their ideas, and stay forever at opposite ends of the ideological spectrum. Kant and Hume both asserted that all knowledge comes from experience. Kant states that there â€Å"can be no doubt that all our knowledge begins with experience† (Pure). By this Kant asserts that all knowledge initiates from experience. However, Kant goes further by also stating that â€Å"we have no knowledge antecedent to experience† (Pure), which means that in order to understand something, one has to have experienced the happening/ occurrence at one point in time. Hume states that â€Å"causes and effects are discoverable, not by reason but by experience† (Enquiry). By this Hume asserts that all knowledge and any knowledge must come from experience and nothing else. Hume also states that real existence can come only from â€Å"either from the causes which produced it, or the effectswhich will arise from it† (Enquiry), which means that experience provides not only knowledge but the justification for existence that experiences define the essence/ being of an individual. Kant and Hume agree that all knowledge stems from experiences attained in the material world. By asserting that to have knowledge of something one has to experience that thing only once Kant sparks the disagreement between himself and Hume on whether or not the future can be known based on past experiences. Kant theorizes that although â€Å"knowledge begins with experience† it does not mean that all which follows â€Å"arises out of experience† (Pure). By this Kant states that experiences are building blocks the house of knowledge but not the house itself. Kant claims that people can know what happens in the future because reason allows for them to extend their experiences beyond what has happened to events that have not occurred yet. Kant justifies this by saying that people’s â€Å"conclusions from experience† stand enough to justify that the future will resemble the past (Pure). Hume theorizes that past experience â€Å"can be allowed to give direct and certain information† but only in relation to the â€Å"precise objects † to which past experience refers, and that â€Å"precise period of time, which fell under its cognizance† (Enquiry). Hume clearly states that the only pure knowledge people can have is knowledge of the past, which means that there can be no real knowledge of the future because it has not been experienced yet. Furthermore, Hume articulates that it is impossible to show that the â€Å"ultimate cause of any natural operation† can be found in â€Å"any single effect in the universe† (Enquiry). In this statement Hume tries to elucidate his point that just because something has existed before does not mean that it will exist again in the same form, that there is no â€Å"ultimate cause† but rather many causes that go into the producing of different effects. To capstone his point Hume says that one cannot have a golden rule that what â€Å"happens sometimes†¦ happens always†¦ with regard to some objects† for all things in existence because there is no †logic† or â€Å"process of argument† that â€Å"secures oneâ€Å" into this assumption (Enquiry). Hume explains that it stands impossible to predict the future because the future has not yet been experienced and therefore has no security of knowledge. For Kant, by a rational extension of logic, it can be determined that what has happened in the past and what will happen in the future are one in the same— yet or Hume, knowledge can come only from experience because If the future cannot be experienced then people have no bounds to determine what will happen in it. These suppositions then lead to the question of causality of the universe, to which Kant puts forth the notion that the universe was created in a way so that the nature of all things lays uniform and perfect— despite the passing of time— whereas Hume puts forth the notion that the universe was created in a way so that all things change over time. Kant presents that â€Å"nature is a being acting according to purpose† and creates a â€Å"natural purpose† that everything in the universe must adhere to (Judgment), which supports the notion that the universe was created in a way so that the nature of all things lays uniform and perfect because everything has its natural place in the universe and therefore maintains a natural purpose and a static order. Kant additionally expounds that â€Å"causality involves that of laws† and that these laws create a cause that has a specific effect that â€Å"must be produced† (Fundamentals). Due to this â€Å"law† that Kant references he insinuates that, despite time passing, what has happened will have to happen again based on the consistency of the laws of nature. To counter this, Hume presents his reasoning that â€Å"effect is totally different from the cause, and consequently can never be discovered in it† (Enquiry), which supports the notion that things change and no consistency stays in the universe because there is never a direct link between a cause, and the effect which results from it. Additionally, Hume goes on to dictate that effects fail to â€Å"be discovered in the cause† and that they â€Å"must be entirely arbitrary† (Enquiry). By this, Hume means that if an effect could be paired up with any old cause, that it would be completely random and therefore have no value in appraising cause and effect. By both these sentiments Hume conveys that a cause and effect have no solidified connection unless they are proven to be tied together, which leads to the assumption that the world shifts and changes over time because if the universe were static then everything would be the same and a golden rule for causality would exist but for Hume, it doesn’t. Kant and Hume stand at odds on whether the universe stays organized or frays at the ends because of their assertions that the universe was created perfectly, and in opposition the assertion that the universe was created imperfectly. After determining the organization of the universe, one question remains forthe philosophers: who or what, if anything, created the universe? To this Kant responds that God is unknowable and that this thought doesn’t disprove his existence or perfection while Hume responds everyone has their own unique God, and therefore one perfect and whole God cannot exist. Kant expounds that the â€Å"unavoidable problems set by pure reason itself are God, freedom, and immortality† and that for knowledge of God there is no â€Å"capacity or incapacity of reason for so great an undertaking† (Pure). Here Kant proclaims that because of reason’s inability to appraise the idea of God, that it is an unknowable topic and that everything stated about it can be marked as true because it cannot be disproven. Hume expounds that he â€Å"believe[s] [God] to be existent† and that Hume’s idea of â€Å"conception of the existence† dictates that the idea of God â€Å"lies not in the parts† or composition of the idea but in the â€Å"the manner in which we conceive it† (Treatise). Hume makes the point that he has his own idea of God, that his idea is unique to himself and the way in which he develops his idea. Hume also states that â€Å"God is existent† but only in the form in which â€Å"as he is represented to us† (Treatise). This statement definitively encompasses the idea that not everyone cannot know the same God because people can only conceive their notion of God from what they have experienced, and each person’s experience stays unique and separate. For Kant God exists by the pure reason that God can never be proven non-existent whereas for Hume, the idea of God can exist, but the being God that most people think of cannot because the idea of god is specific and unique to every individual. Kant and Hume pit each other down in philosophical battle after philosophical only to realize that they never agree on compromises to their ideas, and stay forever at opposite ends of the ideological spectrum, which in a twisted way allows them to co-exist in the modern world. On philosophy itself, Kant states that one â€Å"cannot say how far the inferences from perception may extend†, which means that for as much as people can imagine, something can be real and by extension this means that there is security in being able to make up the reality that one wants (Pure). In adversion Hume states that philosophy may â€Å"prove useful† by â€Å"destroying implicit faith and security† and allowing only one answer to be proven correct and logical through skepticism (Enquiry). Kant and Hume can have no recourse from the dilemma that they face because at every turn Kant states that anything imaginable is possible and that skepticism, Hume’s philosophy, can never be reconciled with the idea that everything could be possible because they intrinsically contradict each other. Kant and Hume: two men divided by differing philosophies on the source of knowledge, the causality of the universe, and the definite existence of God who battled over answers to these question of life throughout their careers. While Kant asserted that by rational extension experience could unlock the key to all knowledge Hume countered that only experience could grant knowledge, and that anything beyond that bent the rules of the world and made all knowledge inconsequential. While Kant asserted that the universe was created in a perfect natural order that would exist forever Hume countered that the universe was created in an imperfect, unorganized fashion that would be ever changing. While Kant asserted that the existence of God could never be disproven and therefore had to exist Hume countered that it is inadequate to say that God has to exist as a result of doubt because every conception of God from every individual is different and people must therefore err on the side of skepticism and accept that God cannot exist as everyone wishes him to. While Kant and Hume tried to reconcile their differences on philosophy they never came to an agreement, and therefore co-existed in the denial that the others thoughts could possible hold any truth. Works Cited Hume, David. An enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Chapter on Cause and Effect. -. A Treatise of Human Nature. Source found @ http://www. gutenberg. org/files/4705/4705-h/4705-h. htm#2H_4_0027 Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Judgment, Source material found @ http://www. marxists. org/reference/subject/ethics/kant/judgment/teleology. htm -. Critique of Pure Reason. -. Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals. Book provided by http://www. gutenberg. org/cache/epub/5682/pg5682. html.